Multiple Versions

Caravaggio painted at least two versions of this subject. The first version, now housed in the Odescalchi Balbi Collection in Rome, was initially commissioned by Monsignor Tiberio Cerasi for the Cerasi Chapel in Santa Maria del Popolo, but it was rejected. The second version, which is more well-known, hangs in the Cerasi Chapel.

Composition and Style

The first version of The Conversion of Saint Paul features a complex composition with multiple figures, including a cherub presenting a figure of Christ to Paul. However, this version was deemed too crowded and complicated. The second version, which Caravaggio created after the first was rejected, is more austere and focuses on the essential elements of the scene. It shows Paul lying on his back, blinded by a divine light, with his arms outstretched in a dramatic gesture. The composition is unusual, with Paul at the bottom of the painting and a horse dominating the upper half, its head and groom shrouded in shadow.

Chiaroscuro and Lighting

Caravaggio's use of chiaroscuro, a technique that employs strong contrasts between light and dark, is a hallmark of this painting. The light in the scene is used to emphasize Paul's rapt expression and his theatrically outstretched arms, suggesting divinity and drawing attention to the dramatic moment of his conversion.

Symbolism and Interpretation

The painting is not just a depiction of an historical event but also a reflection of Caravaggio's profound religious sense. The central placement of the horse, which might seem unusual, serves to highlight the theme of spiritual blindness and revelation. The horse represents the mundane world, while Paul's body language and the light symbolize his spiritual awakening and vision of Christ.

Historical Context

The painting was part of a commission that included another work, "The Crucifixion of Saint Peter." Both paintings were initially rejected by Cerasi, and there is speculation that Cardinal Giacomo Sannessio may have taken advantage of Cerasi's death to acquire the first versions of these paintings.

Artistic Technique

Caravaggio's technique in this painting exemplifies his innovative approach to storytelling through art. He staged biblical events in contemporary settings, emphasizing the humanity of the subjects. In this case, Paul is depicted in ancient Roman attire, reflecting his status as a Roman citizen, despite being Jewish.