Biblical Source

The painting is based on the biblical account from the Book of Daniel (Chapter 5), where King Belshazzar of Babylon holds a grand feast using the sacred vessels looted from the Temple in Jerusalem by his father, Nebuchadnezzar. During the feast, a divine hand appears and writes a mysterious message on the wall: "Mene, mene, tekel, upharsin," which only the prophet Daniel can interpret. The message foretells the end of Belshazzar's kingdom and his imminent death.

Composition and Technique

The painting is characterized by its dramatic and dynamic composition, typical of the Baroque style. Rembrandt employs chiaroscuro, a technique that uses strong contrasts between light and dark to create a sense of drama and tension. The light emanates from the divine inscription on the wall, drawing the viewer's attention to the central message of the painting. The use of light and shadow adds to the emotional intensity of the scene, capturing the reactions of fear, awe, and confusion among the attendees.

Depiction of Characters

Belshazzar is depicted in luxurious attire, with a gold cloak, an enormous turban, and a tiny crown. His expression and posture convey shock and alarm as he gazes at the mysterious writing on the wall. Other figures in the painting include the queen, who appears distressed, and various attendants displaying a range of reactions to the sudden and ominous event.

Symbolism and Themes

The painting conveys themes of hubris and divine providence. The Babylonians' use of sacred vessels for a profane feast is seen as sacrilegious, and the divine message serves as a judgment on their actions. The illumination of the hand and the writing on the wall emphasizes the power of God over earthly powers. The chaos and confusion at the banquet contrast with the usual serenity of such gatherings, highlighting the disorder and chaos that can result from defying divine will.

Historical Context

Rembrandt painted Belshazzar's Feast during a period when he was establishing himself as a prominent artist in Amsterdam. The painting reflects his familiarity with Jewish traditions and his friendships with Jewish scholars, such as Menasseh ben Israel, who provided insights into the Talmudic interpretation of the biblical story.

Physical Details

The painting is an oil on canvas work, measuring 209.2 by 167.6 centimeters. It is housed at the National Gallery in London, where it is part of the museum's extensive collection.